Resumen Introducción: el cuidado prenatal es un aspecto clave de salud pública, con gran impacto en la salud materna y perinatal, así como en otras etapas del ciclo vital. Sus características pueden ser variables entre y al interior de los países, y vincularse a ciertos determinantes sociales. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar escenarios sociosanitarios del cuidado prenatal y analizar asociaciones entre determinantes sociales e indicadores sintéticos seleccionados del cuidado prenatal en Argentina (2010-2018). Metodología: se desarrolló un estudio ecológico de grupos múltiples (n = 24 jurisdicciones). Los datos se obtuvieron a partir de fuentes secundarias: última información disponible del Sistema Informático Perinatal (2018) y censo nacional (2010). Se realizó un análisis de conglomerados de tipo jerárquico y aglomerativo (método de Ward). Se ilustró la distribución espacial de los escenarios identificados y se valoraron las diferencias entre ellos mediante la prueba ANOVA. Para estimar asociaciones entre indicadores sociales e indicadores del cuidado prenatal se propusieron modelos de regresión lineal. Resultados: se identificaron cinco escenarios sociosanitarios del cuidado prenatal, que revelan heterogeneidades en la distribución de indicadores de cuidado prenatal y sociales a nivel provincial. Además, el porcentaje de hogares en situación de pobreza presentó una asociación directa, en tanto el índice de desarrollo humano y la esperanza de vida al nacer una inversa con el control prenatal insuficiente. Conclusiones: existen diferentes escenarios sociosanitarios del cuidado prenatal en Argentina y ciertas características sociales de los contextos en que residen las personas podrían subyacer a su configuración.

Abstract Introduction: the prenatal care is a key aspect in public health, with great impact in maternal and perinatal health, as well as in other stages of the life cycle. The features of the prenatal care could be variable between and within countries, and be related to social determinants. The aim of this study was to identify socio-sanitary scenarios of prenatal care, and to analyze associations between social determinants and selected synthetic indicators of prenatal care in Argentina (2010-2018). Methodology: A multi-group ecological study (n=24 jurisdictions) was developed. The data were obtained from secondary sources: the latest available data of the Perinatal Informatics' System (2018) and national census (2010). A hierarchical and agglomerative cluster analysis was carried out (Wards method). The spatial distribution of the scenarios was illustrated by a map. ANOVA test was applied to assess the differences between the identified scenarios. To estimate associations between social indicators and indicators of prenatal care, linear regression models were applied. Results: five socio-sanitary scenarios of prenatal care were identified, which reveal heterogeneities in the distribution of prenatal and social care indicators. In addition, the percentage of households living in poverty presented a direct association, and the human development index and life expectancy at birth an inverse association with insufficient prenatal care. Conclusions: different socio-sanitary scenarios exist in Argentina, and some social characteristics of the contexts in which people live might underlie its configuration.

ABSTRACT This article summarizes the current challenges of family medicine in Latin America and proposes possible lines of action to consolidate its development. In the last 40 years, the health systems of the Region of the Americas have faced reforms whose results were negative in terms of equity, and primary health care, far from being a strategy designed to reduce it, was restricted to a selective and focal policy. In this context, the technical proposals for expansion of training positions in family medicine and their insertion in medical careers have lacked consistency and a clear political direction, and thus their lack of effectiveness can be considered a symptom of these incomplete reforms. In this regard, the Ibero-American Confederation of Family Medicine made recommendations on the political commitment of governments to ensure the necessary structure and funding, consolidate the model of family medicine as a mechanism for the implementation of primary health care, the hierarchy of programs of training, the working conditions of family doctors and professional certification, among others. These technical recommendations, without a consistent and timely political action, will not be more successful than previous attempts.

RESUMEN Este documento tiene por objetivos resumir los desafíos actuales de la medicina familiar en América Latina y proponer posibles líneas de acción para consolidar su desarrollo. En los últimos 40 años, los sistemas de salud de la Región de las Américas han encarado reformas cuyos resultados fueron negativos en términos de equidad, y la atención primaria de la salud, lejos de ser aquella estrategia destinada a reducirla, se restringió a una política focal y selectiva. En este contexto, las propuestas técnicas de expansión de las plazas de formación en medicina familiar y su inserción en las carreras de Medicina, han carecido de coherencia y de una dirección política clara, por lo que su falta de eficacia puede leerse como un síntoma de estas reformas incompletas. Al respecto, la Confederación Iberoamericana de Medicina Familiar realizó recomendaciones sobre el compromiso político de los gobiernos para asegurar la estructura y el financiamiento necesarios, consolidar el modelo de medicina familiar como mecanismo de instrumentación de la atención primaria de la salud, la jerarquización de los programas de formación, las condiciones laborales de los médicos de familia y la certificación profesional, entre otras. Estas recomendaciones técnicas, sin acción política coherente y oportuna, no serán más exitosas que los intentos previos.

RESUMO Este documento tem como objetivo resumir os desafios atuais da medicina familiar na América Latina e propor possíveis linhas de ação para consolidar seu desenvolvimento. Nos últimos 40 anos, os sistemas de saúde da Região das Américas encararam reformas cujos resultados foram negativos em termos de igualdade, e a atenção primária à saúde, longe de sê-la aquela estratégia destinada a reducir-la, restringiu-se a uma política focal e seletiva. Neste contexto, as propostas técnicas de expansão das praças de formação em medicina familiar e sua inserção nas carreiras de Medicina, não dispuseram de coerência e de uma direção política clara, razão pela qual sua falta de eficácia se pode ler como um sintoma destas reformas incompletas. Neste sentido, a Confederação Ibero-americana de Medicina Familiar realizou recomendações sobre o compromisso político dos governos a fim de assegurar a estrutura e o financiamento necessários, consolidar o modelo de medicina familiar como mecanismo de instrumentação da atenção primária à saúde, a hierarquização dos programas de formação, as condições laborais dos médicos de família e a certificação profissional, entre outras. Estas recomendações técnicas, sem ação política coerente e oportuna, não serão mais exitosos que as tentativas prévias.

ABSTRACT The aim of this work was to study on a new low-elastic textile that fulfilled the criteria of fabrics for the manufacture of compression garments to treat lymphedema. The evolution of Godoy & Godoy compression sleeves was performed by following the patients treated for arm lymphedema. Sixty-six patients with ages ranging from 35 to 83 years and a mean of 58.8 years were included in this study. Diagnosis, by the clinical evaluation confirmed by the volumetry, was defined as a volume difference of more than 200 mL between the arms. All the participants were submitted to treatment sessions once, or two times weekly in an outpatient setting. The material used for the compression sleeve in this study was commercialized in Brazil under the name of Gorgurão(r). When high alterations in the pattern of sleeves were made, the patients were monitored by weekly volumetric assessments. The criterion to maintain the modifications in the design was that the hand did not present with edema. By the end of the study, the design of the sleeve was changed so as not to use compression therapy of the hands in 81.8% of the cases; 12.2% continued with compression of the hand, 3.0% stopped using compression completely and 3.0% used only a glove. Thus, Godoy & Godoy compression sleeves could be an efficient option for compression in the treatment of arm lymphedema as they provided better independence in day-to-day activities.

Worldwide, different guidelines are used to assess the adequacy of gestational weight gain. This study identified the recommendations for gestational weight gain in Brazilian women. We also determined the proportion of women with adequate weight gain in accordance with these recommendations and the associated perinatal outcomes. A systematic review was performed. A computerized search was conducted utilizing the following databases: PubMed, MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase, SciELO and Google Scholar. Observational studies of healthy, Brazilian, pregnant women were included. Studies were excluded if they did not provide pregestational weight and gestational weight gain or if they studied women with comorbid conditions. A meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the odds ratio of inadequate (insufficient or excessive) gestational weight gain. Seventeen studies were included in the systematic review and four studies were included in the meta-analysis. The most widely used recommendations were from the Institute of Medicine. Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with fetal macrosomia and high rates of cesarean delivery. Overweight women had a higher risk of excessive gestational weight gain than eutrophic women (OR=2.80, 95%CI=2.22-3.53). There are no standardized recommendations concerning gestational weight gain based on Brazilian population-based data. Many Brazilian women are overweight or obese at the beginning of pregnancy. Overweight pregnant women have a higher risk of excessive gestational weight gain. Excessive gestational weight gain was associated with cesarean delivery and fetal macrosomia.

Os exercícios físicos podem e devem ser recomendados para todas as gestantes saudáveis. Sua prática regular durante a gestação pode promover inúmeros benefícios físicos e psicológicos, além de não haver evidências de desfechos adversos para o feto e/ou recém-nascido, quando realizados em intensidade leve a moderada. No entanto, poucas gestantes aderem a essa prática e muitas ainda têm receios e dúvidas quanto à segurança da sua realização. Este artigo teve como objetivo a informação e a disseminação entre profissionais de saúde, que assistem às gestantes no Brasil, das atuais recomendações sobre exercício físico durante a gestação, baseadas nas melhores evidências científicas disponíveis. Diante da percepção de existirem poucos modelos sistematizados a respeito, e após a realização de vários estudos nesta área específica, reunimos informações práticas de interesse para os profissionais e gestantes. Ademais, incluímos recomendações quanto às indicações, contraindicações, modalidades (exercícios aeróbicos, treinamento de resistência muscular, alongamento e exercícios do assoalho pélvico), frequência, intensidade e duração dos exercícios para cada trimestre gestacional. Abordamos recomendações de exercícios físicos tanto para as gestantes de baixo risco quanto para populações especiais de mulheres, como atletas, hipertensas, diabéticas e obesas. A conscientização dos benefícios auferidos por um estilo de vida mais saudável durante e após a gestação deve ser sempre lembrada e estimulada pela equipe atendente. Por estarem as gestantes muito próximas dos especialistas e altamente motivadas, oportunizam-se exames de rotina, retornos frequentes e supervisão para uma série de novas orientações que podem refletir em sua saúde e na de seu bebê a longo prazo.

Physical exercise is recommended for all healthy pregnant women. Regular practice of exercises during pregnancy can provide many physical and psychological benefits, with no evidence of adverse outcomes for the fetus or the newborn when exercise is performed at mild to moderate intensity. However, few pregnant women engage in this practice and many still have fears and doubts about the safety of exercise. The objective of the present study was to inform the professionals who provide care for Brazilian pregnant women about the current recommendations regarding physical exercise during pregnancy based on the best scientific evidence available. In view of the perception that few systematic models are available about this topic and after performing several studies in this specific area, we assembled practical information of interest to both the professionals and the pregnant women. We also provide recommendations about the indications, contraindications, modalities (aerobics, resistance training, stretching and pelvic floor training), frequency, intensity and duration indicated for each gestational trimester. The review addresses physical exercise recommendation both for low risk pregnant women and for special populations, such as athletes and obese, hypertensive and diabetic subjects. The advantages of an active and healthy lifestyle should be always reinforced during and after gestation since pregnancy is an appropriate period to introduce new habits because pregnant women are usually more motivated to adhere to recommendations. Thus, routine exams, frequent returns and supervision are recommended in order to provide new guidelines that will have long-term beneficial effects for both mother and child.